Public Policy Papers

The Council on Foreign Relations is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research and national membership organization dedicated to improving understanding of international affairs by promoting a range of ideas and opinions on United States foreign policy. The Council has had a significant impact in the development of twentieth century United States foreign policy. The Records of the Council on Foreign Relations document the history of the organization from its founding in 1921 through the present. The collection includes valuable source documents and records of the meetings, group discussions and studies, and conferences of the Council, as well as portions of its administrative records.

The ACLU is the preeminent civil liberties organization in the United States. These records document the work of their national office in the areas of civil rights, children and women's rights, freedom of speech (and all First Amendment questions), and due process, among many others, predominantly from 1970 to 2000.

G. Edward Pendray was an early proponent of rocket power and space flight and co-founder Pendray and Company, a prominent public relations firm. The G. Edward Pendray Papers consist of correspondence, notes, memoranda, drafts, reports, photographs, and printed material related to Pendray's career in public relations and his life-long interest and involvement in aeronautics and astronautics.

Fight for Freedom, Inc. (FFF), a national citizen's organization established in April 1941, was a leading proponent of full American participation in World War II. Believing that the war was a threat to American freedom and security, FFF boldly and vehemently championed the interventionist cause, advocating that all necessary measures must be taken to insure the defeat of Adolf Hitler and the German Army. In addition, FFF worked to preserve fundamental American freedoms at home. An offshoot of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, FFF was supported by average citizens, as well as prominent educators, labor leaders, authors and playwrights, clergy, stage and screen actors, newspaper men, and politicians. Acting as a clearinghouse for information related to American intervention in World War II, FFF monitored the activities of the leading isolationist organization, the America First Committee, and many of its key individuals such as Charles A. Lindbergh, Burton Wheeler, and Gerald Nye. From its headquarters in New York City, FFF spread its message through an extensive network of state and local branches, as well as through heavy reliance on local newspaper editors supportive of the interventionist cause. Pearl Harbor effectively ended the isolationist-interventionist debate, and by early 1942 FFF had disbanded.

The David A. Morse Papers document the life and times of David Abner Morse (1907-1990), American lawyer, soldier, and public official. While he distinguished himself in legal, military, and governmental circles, the most fruitful years of his life were spent at the helm of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the oldest member of the United Nations' family of specialized agencies. As Director-General of the International Labour Office in Geneva from 1948 to 1970, Morse guided the increasingly complex activities of this tripartite organization, which unites in one body the representatives of workers, governments, and employers. No one has had a longer tenure as its head, and no one has presided over such far-reaching changes in its composition and orientation. Drawing on a variety of experiences in the field of domestic and international labor, including appointments as Assistant, Under, and Acting Secretary of Labor in the Truman administration, Morse gave practical meaning in a postwar context to the ILO's underlying philosophy, namely, that "universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice." The pursuit of this object won for the ILO the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969. The David Morse Papers contain correspondence, reports, memoranda, photographs, and newspaper clippings that document this long, productive career.

The Allen W. Dulles Papers contains correspondence, speeches, writings, and photographs documenting the life of this lawyer, diplomat, businessman, and spy. One of the longest-serving directors of the Central Intelligence Agency (1953-1961), he also served in a key intelligence post in Bern, Switzerland during World War II, as well as on the Warren Commission.

The John Van Antwerp MacMurray Papers describe the public and personal lives of John Van Antwerp MacMurray (1881-1960), diplomat and specialist in Far Eastern Affairs, and his father, Junius Wilson MacMurray (1843-1898).

The Ivy L. Lee Papers consist of personal papers and material from the public relations firm of Ivy Lee and Associates, documenting Ivy Lee's public relations theories and practice. Included are correspondence, diaries, articles, writings, public relations material, newsreels, and photographs reflecting Lee's interest in public relations, transportation (especially railroads), financial markets, and foreign relations, among others. Digital images of the Interborough Rapid Transit posters in Series 9 are available at Digital PUL.

The Law Students Civil Rights Research Council (LSCRRC), founded in 1963, is a non-partisan organization dedicated to facilitating discussion on civil rights and providing research for civil liberties cases. In the early years, it worked to recruit support young law students who would then work with civil rights organizations in the south. The documents consist of minutes, correspondence, reports, pamphlets, notes, and briefs related to the LSCRRC. Through these materials the collection highlights the organization's growth, student protests and arrests, and activism in civil rights issues and lawsuits.

The Peter H.B. Frelinghuysen Papers include correspondence, speeches, copies of legislation, notes, appointment books, and audio/visual material documenting Frelinghuysen's career as the United States House representative of New Jersey's 5th district from 1952 to 1975. The papers focus on his general House activities as well as his service on the Committee of Education and Labor, Committee on Foreign Relations, and United Nations General Assembly.

General Charles T. Lanham (1902-1978), a decorated WWII General and friend of author Ernest Hemingway, was an accomplished author, trainer, and after retiring from the military had a successful second career as a public relations executive. The Charles T. Lanham Papers document the general's WWII and post war military service and his private sector employment with several corporations. The papers contain correspondence, scrapbooks, photographs, journals, speeches, and legal documents.

The Robert Lansing Papers document the later years of Robert Lansing (1864-1928), lawyer, writer, and the longest serving of Woodrow Wilson's three Secretaries of State. During his tenure as Secretary of State (June 23, 1915 to February 13, 1920), the United States entered the First World War on the side of the Entente Powers. Deliberations and negotiations associated with the precarious neutrality which preceded this event and the troubled peace which followed it dominated Lansing's time in office and are reflected in his papers. Lansing's interests as a lawyer, which were international in scope and substance, and the diverse subjects which commanded his attention as a writer – subjects ranging from biblical history to English etymology – are also evident. The Lansing Papers consist of official papers, personal papers, writings and speeches, diaries, sketches, and photographs. Though by no means exhaustive, they shed light on many aspects of Lansing's life and times.

Raymond Blaine Fosdick (1883-1972) served as Under Secretary General for the League of Nations (1919-1920) and as President of the Rockefeller Foundation (1936-1948). The bulk of the collection consists of correspondence related to military life during World War I, the formation and activities of the League of Nations, and the administration of the Rockefeller Foundation in the 1920s through 1940s. The collection also contains various writings and personal memorabilia.

The Arthur Garfield Hays Papers consist of correspondence, case files, speeches, articles, books, news clippings, and photos which document his career as a New York City lawyer and general counsel for the ACLU.

Livingston T. Merchant was a diplomat and high-ranking government official. This collection consists of Merchant's papers, including correspondence, articles, notes, speeches, statements, interviews, clippings, printed matter, and personal papers.

William Starr Myers (1877-1954) was a professor of history and politics at Princeton University and a noted historian of New Jersey and the Republican Party. The William Starr Myers Papers document the history of his teaching career and published works.

French politician Jean-Paul David created Paix et Liberté, a French anti-Communist propaganda organization, in the fall of 1950 for the purpose of waging a poster campaign in direct opposition to political posters published by the French Communist Party since the end of World War II. The organization often used the words and themes of the French Communist Party's posters to ridicule their political agenda.

The New Jersey Committee for Fair Representation formed in July of 1964 in response to a Congressional effort to circumvent the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Reynolds v. Sims. The New Jersey Committee for Fair Representation document the committee's history through correspondence, reports and miscellaneous files.

The papers of David Aiken Reed (1880-1953) consist primarily of clippings illustrating the political career of Pennsylvania Senator Reed (Class of 1900) during the years 1914-1940 with a few photographs of World War I campaigns, correspondence from President Herbert Hoover, the publisher Henry Luce and General John J. Pershing, Head of the American Expeditionary Forces of World War I, two letters of commendation, a testimonial, three army documents, and printed copies of a few speeches by Senator Reed.

Fergus M. Bordewich is a journalist and author of the books Bound for Canaan, Killing the White Man's Indian, My Mother's Ghost, and Cathay: A Journey in Search of Old China. As a journalist, he has traveled throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, writing about human rights and other issues for The New York Times, Atlantic Monthly, Harper's, Readers Digest, and other periodicals. The Bordewich tapes are recordings of Community Council meetings and other meetings related to Native American affairs, most of which took place in 1959.

The Kreuger & Toll Company, founded by Ivar Kreuger, was the holding company of an international match trust based in Sweden whose securities were popular during the 1920s. The company was organized as a giant pyramid scheme and went bankrupt in 1932. The Kreuger & Toll Company Records document the company's bankruptcy and include court and legal documents and accountants' reports.

The Records of the Association on American Indian Affairs document the corporate life of an influential and resilient player in the history of twentieth-century Native American advocacy. From its formation by non-Indians in New York in 1922 to its re-establishment in South Dakota in 1995 under a wholly Indian administration, the AAIA has defended the rights and promoted the welfare of Native Americans and, in this process, has shaped the views of their fellow citizens. The AAIA has waged innumerable battles over the years, touching on the material and spiritual well-being of Indians in every state of the Union: from the right of Native Americans to control their resources to their right to worship freely; from their right to federal trusteeship to their right to self-determination. The evolving nature of this struggle, in terms of conception and execution; the environment in which it was waged, both within and without the AAIA; the parade of men and women who figured in it; and the relationships among them can all be found in the abundant and insightful records which constitute these Records. The correspondence, minutes, reports, articles, clippings, and other documents in the collection, augmented by photographic and audiovisual material, represent a window not only on the AAIA but on the entities and personalities with which it interacted. While its vision has co-existed with others, and while it has been far from alone in its contribution to Indian life, no consideration of twentieth-century Native American affairs can disregard its arduous and, for the most part, fruitful work.

George Stanley McGovern was a Congressman (1957-1961), a U.S. Senator (1963-1981), and a Democratic presidential nominee known for his strong liberal stance, particularly during the Vietnam War. This collection contains legislation files, campaign materials, correspondence, speech texts, schedules and invitations, travel files, patronage files, subject files, photographs, and audiovisual materials documenting McGovern's activities in the House of Representatives and in the U.S. Senate, as well as his time as Director of Food for Peace.

John Foster Dulles (1888-1959), the fifty-third Secretary of State of the United States for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, had a long and distinguished public career with significant impact upon the formulation of United States foreign policies. He was especially involved with efforts to establish world peace after World War I, the role of the United States in world governance, and Cold War relations between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Dulles papers document his entire public career and his influence on the formation of United States foreign policy, especially for the period when he was Secretary of State, and include his correspondence files, as well as his writings, reports, and memorabilia.

The Audiovisual Materials series documents McGovern's political activities from 1957-1984. It contains film footage, video recordings, audiotapes and audiocassettes, computer tapes and diskettes, and other formats. It is the only series in this collection that includes material for the years 1981-1984.

Jacob Viner (1892-1970) is considered one of the greatest economists of the twentieth century. His career was spent at the University of Chicago and Princeton University, and he also frequently served as an advisor to the United States government. His primary academic interests included international economics, international economic relations, and the history of economic thought, but his investigations ranged across many disciplines. Viner's papers document his scholarship, as well as his government service, and include correspondence, manuscripts, reports, and research materials.

Harold Raymond Medina (1888-1990) was a noted jurist, Princeton alumnus, and creator of a New York State Bar preparation course. This collection includes legal records, personal and professional correspondence, photographs, audio recordings, and teaching materials; in aggregate, they offer a substantial record of Medina's life and work.

The organization that became Americans United for Separation of Church and State was founded in 1947 to protect church-state separation and religious freedom, as well as to educate lawmakers, religious leaders, and the general public regarding Constitutional religious liberties. The records document the administration and issues of the organization from its founding and include correspondence, meeting materials, and publications.

Melvin A. Hall's renaissance career as adventurer, aviator, soldier, agent, financial administrator and author spanned four and a half decades, and is well represented in this collection. The materials include: diaries; personal and business correspondence; official documents, reports and correspondence from his tenure with the American Financial Mission in Persia; copies of his published writings, including drafts of his books Journey to the End of an Era and Bird of Time; articles, reviews, speeches and military intelligence reports; copies of unpublished writings; subject files containing background and research notes; information on his medals, awards and commendations; diaries and correspondence from Hall's father, William Augustus Hall, Hall's wife Josephine Johnson Hall, a World War I field nurse; and photographs and scrapbooks.

Karl S. Twitchell was an American mining engineer who conducted extensive surveys in the Middle East, Europe, and South America between 1915 and the 1950s. His papers document the span of his career, particularly his interest in the Middle East, and include correspondence, journals, notes, reports, writings, topical files, photographs, and maps. Personal documents and correspondence with family and associates are also contained.

Frank Thompson was a New Jersey politician. He was elected congressman from the Fourth Congressional District of New Jersey in 1955 and was assigned to the Education, Labor, and Administration committees. The papers in this collection reflect his special interests in federal aid to education and the arts.

The American Association for the Advancement of the Humanities (AAAH) operated from 1979 until 1982. The AAAH was a general membership organization which supported the humanities in the United States through its involved in legislation, conferences, and producing the monthly publication Humanities Report. The AAAH's records document the administration of the association and include correspondence, board minutes, financial records, and materials on Humanities Report.

Ragnar Nurkse (1907-1959) was a leading scholar of international economics, international finance and economic development. He served in the League of Nations from 1934 to 1945 and taught at Columbia University from 1945 to 1958. Nurse's papers document his scholarly work at both the League of Nations and Columbia, and includes his research notes, drafts of articles and books, research materials and a small amount of correspondence.

The Veerni Project is a non-governmental organization based in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, which provides secondary education and boarding hostels for girls from rural villages in the Thar Desert region. The collection documents the organization's operations, including funding, programming, administration, outreach, and impact.

Ann Whitman (1908-1991) was personal secretary to President Dwight D. Eisenhower during both of his administrations and later served as chief of staff to Vice President Nelson A. Rockefeller. Whitman's Papers on John Foster Dulles consist of photocopies of a portion of Whitman's files concerning secretaries of state John Foster Dulles and Christian A. Herter. The majority of the files consist of correspondence of John Foster Dulles, often with President Eisenhower or United States government officials, and also include a small amount of similar material of Christian A. Herter.

The Kennett Love Papers contain correspondence, subject files, writings, tape recordings and other material relating to the career of Love as a writer and journalist. Most of the material deals with Love's book, Suez: The Twice Fought War.

Feighan was a congressman from Ohio. Consists of papers of Feighan covering his years in Congress (1943-1971).

Alpheus T. Mason taught in the Dept. of Politics at Princeton University beginning in 1925 and authored a number of legal works as well as biographies of Supreme Court justices Harlan Fiske Stone and Louis D. Brandeis. This collection consists of papers of Mason, including material relating Stone, Brandeis and Woodrow Wilson.

The Records of United Service to China, Inc., known from 1941 to 1946 as United China Relief, Inc., document the activities of the organization from the early formation in 1940 to its official consolidation with the American Bureau for Medical Aid to China in 1966. In addition there is a limited amount of material from other Chinese relief agencies that predate the founding of United China Relief / United Service to China. The Records focus on UCR/USC attempts to raise money in the United States, to educate Americans about China and the Chinese people, and to carry on relief work in China. The collection consists primarily of correspondence among the various individuals and agencies involved with UCR/USC, along with other material produced by the agency, such as minutes and publicity material. In addition, the collection includes a series of photographs dealing with China during the 1940s and efforts in the United States to raise money for China during the same period.

Albert O. Hirschman (1915- ) was a leading scholar in the field of economic development whose work focused on Latin America but encompassed the globe. He was a professor at Yale, Columbia, Harvard, and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Hirschman's papers document his scholarship on economic development and his academic career and include his correspondence written while he was at the Institute for Advanced Study, his writings, and his research notes and materials, especially related to his work in Latin America and for the World Bank.

The Papers of Woodrow Wilson Project, co-sponsored by the Woodrow Wilson Foundation and Princeton University, was a successful project to publish material generated by and influencing Woodrow Wilson; the 35 year project resulted in an acclaimed 69 volume set. The records of the Papers of Woodrow Wilson Project, compiled by chief editor Arthur S. Link and his staff, document the life and times of the former Princeton University president, governor of New Jersey, and president of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, as well as the project to bring together documentation by and about Wilson.

J. Douglas Brown (1898-1986) was an economist and Princeton University administrator who was an expert in the field of industrial relations, especially on the subjects of Social Security and personnel and manpower issues. He was one of the leaders in the development of the Social Security program and also served in the War Department during World War II on manpower issues. Brown's papers document his career as a government consultant, as a scholar, and as a university administrator and include his correspondence and writings, reports, meeting minutes, notes, and publications.

W. Willard (Bill) Wirtz was a lawyer, an arbitrator, a law professor, and served as undersecretary and secretary of labor under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson. He was a speechwriter for, and close advisor to, Adlai Stevenson from 1952 to 1960. The W. Willard Wirtz Collection on Adlai Stevenson documents Stevenson's campaigns for president in 1952 and 1956, as well as Stevenson's political activities in 1960 and in between campaigns. Because Wirtz was a speechwriter in 1952, in charge of speech content in 1956, and a close advisor and occasional speechwriter at other times, this collection most strongly documents the campaign activities of drafting speeches and fine-tuning campaign policy.

Consists mainly of correspondence and manuscripts of Tobey (Princeton Class of 1940) from the period (1955-1976) when he was a member of the staff of the Turkish Ministry of Education in Samsun, Turkey, teaching English.

The papers of Whiting Willauer (1906-1962) reflect Willauer's entire career, but focus most strongly on the period from 1941 to 1954 when Willauer was in China and worked for China Defense Supplies, Inc. (1941-1944), the Foreign Economic Administration (1944-1945), the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration [NRRA] (1946-1947), and Civil Air Transport, Inc. (1946-1954). The papers also document his positions as an admiralty lawyer for the New York City law firm, Bingham, Dana and Gould (1931-1938), as Attorney, Criminal Division at the Department of Justice and Special Assistant to United States Attorney General (1929-1940), Special Counsel for the Federal Power Commission (1941), and his appointments as United States Ambassador to Honduras (1954-1958) and Costa Rica (1958-1961). In addition, materials which reflect Willauer's role as a delegate to the Organization of American States' Meetings of Foreign Ministers (August 1960) and to the United Nations General Assembly (October 1960) are found in the papers.

Consists mainly of printed matter collected by Strong (Princeton Class of 1922) relating to the field of strategic and scientific intelligence and espionage.

The papers of Princeton University professor Harper Hubert Wilson document his interest and work in civil liberties. A self described "conservative, anarchist and socialist," Wilson provoked his students to think critically about the social problems confronting society, and to challenge the prevailing assumptions about American politics.

The John Bartlow Martin Papers contain research materials compiled in preparation for the writing of Martin's two-volume biography Adlai Stevenson of Illinois: The Life of Adlai E. Stevenson (1976) and Adlai Stevenson and the World: The Life of Adlai E. Stevenson (1977). The collection illuminates Stevenson's personal life, law practice, and political and diplomatic career.

The William Hard Papers consist of correspondence files, notes, typescripts, speeches, papers and articles relating to the career of William Hard. The papers also contain a significant amount of supplementary printed materials Hard used for research on his unpublished publication on the League of Nations fight during the Wilson presidency.

The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was created by Executive Order on May 6, 1935. The goal of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) was to establish and maintain projects benefiting the public good in order to create work for citizens who were unemployed and on relief. The New Jersey Works Progress Administration Records document the history of the New Jersey Historical Records Survey, the Agricultural Administration Act, and the Indian Site Survey of New Jersey through forms, reports, photographs, and correspondence.

Identified post-1887 with the commercial development of Tacoma, Wash., Wallace became one of the most influential financiers of the U.S. Northwest and was a leader of the Democratic party in the region. Consists of correspondence primarily of Wallace, former member of the Democratic National Committee in 1916, relating to the campaign and reelection of president Woodrow Wilson.

E. Kimbark MacColl has written extensively on the history and politics of Portland, Oregon. Consists of notes, outlines, correspondence, and chapter drafts for MacColl's Ph.D. thesis, "The Supreme Court and Public Opinion: A Study of the Court Fight of 1937" (1953).

The Regional Offices series documents the work and administration of the ACLU's three regional offices: Mountain States Regional Office, concerned with civil rights in the west and Native American rights, the Southern Regional Office, focusing on civil rights in the south, and the Washington, D.C. office, which concentrates on national legislation and the actions of the federal government. The files include correspondence, case files, office publications, research files, and the papers of individual staff members. Subgroup 3, Subseries 5B (Southern Regional Office) has been digitized and is available for members of the Princeton community to view here. To view the database from outside Princeton University, please see the Guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records.

The Economists' National Committee on Monetary Policy, active from November 1933 to 1970, was composed of economists and other financial experts who sought to educate the public and United States government on sound monetary policy. The Committee advocated for a return to the gold standard and sought to combat what they saw as dangerous inflationist sentiment and aggressive monetary policies of the time through public addresses, publishing articles and pamphlets, and testifying before Congress. The records document the Committee's work, as well as its organization and administration, and include correspondence, meeting minutes, and publications.

Ferdinand Eberstadt (1890-1969) was a prominent Wall Street investment banker who also served in several government posts throughout his career. During World War II, he organized the production and distribution of supplies to the United States military through his work with the Army-Navy Munitions Board and the War Production Board, and he was subsequently involved in plans for the reorganization of the armed services and in the development of post-war economic policies. The Eberstadt papers primarily document his extensive career in public service to the United States related to defense and the economy, as well as his career as an investment banker and his personal life, and include correspondence, reports, his writings, and his personal papers.

This collection contains correspondence, speeches, lecture notes, writings, and photographs of Edward S. Corwin, a noted constitutional scholar who taught at Princeton University for much of his academic career. Nationally-known and widely published, Corwin consulted with many other academics as well as politicians involved with constitutional issues, most notably when he publicly supported Franklin D. Roosevelt's Supreme Court reorganization ("court packing") plan.

Consists of scrapbooks of newspaper clippings of Curtis' writings for the Chicago Record, 1874-1911, on matters of political and social importance and concerning his travels around the world.

Allen W. Dulles (1893-1969), though a diplomat and lawyer, was renowned for his role in shaping United States intelligence operations, including the longest service as director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The Allen W. Dulles Digital Files contain scanned images of professional correspondence, reports, lectures, and administrative papers, declassified and released by the CIA in 2007. The collection spans Dulles's time as Chief of the Office of Strategic Services office in Bern, Switzerland during World War II, his work at the Central Intelligence Agency, and his retirement.

The Printed and Audiovisual Materials series contains the published works of the ACLU, including publications, audio recordings, and videos. These include educational materials published by the ACLU, newsletters, press releases, and public appearances and interviews with ACLU staff.

Warren Worth Bailey was the editor of the Johnstown, Pennsylvania newspaper The Daily Democrat from 1893 until his death in 1928 and also served as a Democratic member of the House of Representatives from 1913-1917.

John E. Rovensky (1880-1970) was a banker and economist. As a banker, he held the position of vice president at the National Bank of Commerce, Bank of America, and City Bank. As an economist, he was a member of the Economists' National Committee on Monetary Policy, the National Monetary Association, and the Stable Money Association. Rovensky's papers document his work as an economist, including his tenure as president of the Stable Money Association in 1927. The papers are comprised of correspondence, offprints, and newspaper clippings.

William O. Douglas served as Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1939-1975, the longest term in the history of the Supreme Court. The collection includes audio and transcripts of interviews which cover Douglas's government career through the time of the interviews.

C. Pardee Foulke was a prominent Philadelphia businessman. The C. Pardee Foulke Papers on Woodrow Wilson contain an unpublished biography of Woodrow Wilson.

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is the pre-eminent civil liberties organization in the United States, utilizing litigation, lobbying, and public education to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. These records document the administration and work of the ACLU's national office, regional offices, and legal projects, with particular emphasis on the areas of civil rights, children and women's rights, freedom of speech (and all First Amendment questions), and due process, among many others. The records include case files, correspondence, meeting minutes, research files, and files of staff members. Subgroup 3, Subseries 5B (Southern Regional Office) has been digitized and is available for members of the Princeton community to view here. To view the database from outside Princeton University, please see the Guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records.

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is the pre-eminent civil liberties organization in the United States, utilizing litigation, lobbying, and public education to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. These records document the administration and work of the ACLU's national office, regional offices, and legal projects, with particular emphasis on the areas of civil rights, children and women's rights, freedom of speech (and all First Amendment questions), and due process, among many others. The records include case files, correspondence, meeting minutes, research files, and files of staff members. Portions of the records (Subgroup 1; Subgroup 2, Series 2, 3, and 4; Subgroup 3, Subseries 5B) have been digitized and are available for members of the Princeton community to view here. To view the database from outside Princeton University, please see the Guide to the American Civil Liberties Union Records.

Ray Stannard Baker (1870-1946) was a journalist, editor, and author. He earned recognition for his articles on liberal reform, for his philosophical essays written under the pseudonym David Grayson, and for his authorized biography and other works on President Woodrow Wilson. Baker's papers contain materials collected for his biography of President Woodrow Wilson and related to the Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920), which he attended as Director of the American Press Bureau, and include correspondence, publications, photographs, and newspaper clippings.

Alfred J. Lotka (1880-1949), a statistician for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, was a significant contributor to the field of demography. He was a pioneer in the study of population dynamics and conducted research on the mathematical theory of evolution and the mathematical analysis of populations. Lotka's papers document his scholarship and his involvement in professional organizations and include drafts of his works, his notes and research materials, and correspondence.

The papers housed in the Arthur von Briesen Papers document the later years of Arthur von Briesen (1843-1920), a New York City lawyer and philanthropist. Von Briesen, a German-American patent lawyer, served as President of the Legal Aid Society of New York (1889-1916), and as president of the Alliance of Legal Aid Societies of America. Aside from emphasizing his work with the Legal Aid Society, the papers also highlight a variety of other areas--professional, political, and philanthropic--actively pursued by von Briesen. The papers illuminate the passionate side of von Briesen in the private correspondence with his family and others, as well as his cultural interests and engagement within the German-American community of New York City.

William Burgess (1857-1929) was a prominent lobbyist and figure in the United States pottery industry around the turn of the century. The William Burgess Papers document Burgess' tenure on the U.S. Tariff Commission.

Consists of some files of the Civil Service Reform Association and its affiliates, containing correspondence and reports urging that appointments to the Civil Service be based upon a competitive examination.

The collection contains correspondence pertaining to Princeton University and personal correspondence of Jacob Newton Beam (Princeton Class of 1896, professor of German, 1899-1927). Of particular note is a file of letters from his son, Jacob Dyneley Beam (Princeton Class of 1929), written while he was serving at the American embassies in London, Germany, the Soviet Union, and Indonesia. The collection also includes Jacob N. Beam's lectures notes and publications.

Chandler & Company was a New York investment banking house with offices in New York and Philadelphia. The Company issued bonds for many companies and countries, including Bolivia, China, Costa Rica, and Germany. Chandler & Company's records document the company's investment decisions in Germany, as well as Bolivia and Costa Rica, during the early 1920s and include correspondence and meeting minutes.

Harold Gardiner Bowen was director of the Naval Research Laboratory (1939-1942), special assistant to the Secretary of the Navy (1939-1947), chief of the Office of Naval Research (1946-1947), and executive secretary of the Thomas Alva Edison Foundation. This collection consists of selected papers of Vice-Admiral Bowen, including speeches, articles, documents, printed matter, and manuscripts for his book Ships, Machinery, and Mossbacks, The Autobiography of a Naval Engineer (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1954).

Contains correspondence and other miscellaneous documents--mainly about routine matters--of Bouhler, an official in the German Third Reich.

Henry R. Labouisse (1904-1987) was a distinguished American diplomat and international public servant. He served as director of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) from 1954 to 1958 and as executive director of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) from 1965 to 1979. He also served as a United States government official working on the formation and implementation of foreign economic policies during World War II and the 1960s. Labouisse's papers document his career with the United Nations and with the State Department and include correspondence, speeches and publications, as well as biographical and genealogical material.

The Louis Fischer Papers include correspondence, interviews, articles and notes, lectures and speeches, photographs, and audiovisual materials that document his life as a journalist, writer, and commentator on international affairs. They also include the papers of his wife, Bertha Markoosha Fischer, an author in her own right, as well as family correspondence and papers. In the latter part of his life Fischer was affiliated with of the Institute for Advanced Study (1959-1961) and Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs (1961-1969).

The Roger Nash Baldwin Papers document the life and career of Roger Baldwin (1884-1981), a prominent and active American civil libertarian for almost all of his prodigiously long life. Baldwin is remembered first and foremost as a founder of the American Civil Liberties Union. Many of the papers in this collection document his involvement with the conscientious objection movement that served as the forerunner to the ACLU and with the Union itself. He served as both its executive director from its foundation in 1920 to his retirement in 1950 and as an advisor from that date until his death in 1981. However, Baldwin cast his net much wider than just the ACLU. During the 1920s and 1930s, he was involved with various left-wing political organizations, including the Industrial Workers of the World. Following the end of World War II, he served as an advisor to the U.S. Army and the United Nations in Germany, Austria, Japan, and Korea, guiding the establishment of democracy in those countries, and he was for many years chair of the International League for the Rights of Man. He spoke and wrote widely, most often on issues of civil liberties and human rights, and also taught periodically throughout his life. The papers, which include correspondence, memos, writings, notes, and photographs, document all aspects of his public life, as well as some portion of his personal life.

The Records of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies (CDAAA) document the Committee to Defend America from its inception in May 1940 to its official dissolution in October 1942. In January, 1942 CDAAA merged with the Council for Democracy to form Citizens for Victory: To Win the War, To Win the Peace. The Committee to Defend America was a propaganda organization that worked to persuade the American public that the United States should supply the Allies with as much material and financial aid as possible in order to keep the United States out of the war. During its year and a half tenure the Committee successfully garnered support from across the country and from other parts of the world.

Consists of copies of correspondence, telephone conversations, memoranda, messages, statements, speeches, treaty drafts, and other material in the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas, relating to John Foster Dulles (Princeton Class of 1908) during his term as secretary of state (1951-1959), which have been declassified by the General Services Administration from 1979 to the present

The Council on Books in Wartime Records (1942-1947), an organization of publishers and other literary professionals focusing on the promotion of books and reading to further the war effort, consists of records from the preliminary foundation meetings at Times Hall, New York, through the cessation of formal operations in 1946. The major activities of the organization were focused on its two subsidiary publishing ventures, the Armed Services Editions (1943-1947) and the Overseas Editions, Inc. (1944-1945). The Records consist primarily of correspondence of council members, publishers, printers, booksellers, librarians, and the general public. Also present are meeting minutes, press releases, bulletins, radio scripts, contracts, financial records, letters from servicemen, a few photographs of authors and council members, newspaper clippings, and posters. At its last annual meeting in January 1946 the Council's Board of Directors determined that at the end of operations "such records of the Council as merit preservation shall be deposited in an appropriate public institution such as Princeton University Library." The Records were subsequently acquired by Princeton University Library and then librarian Julian P. Boyd.

An American lawyer, born in Washington, D.C., Dulles served as counsel to the American commission to negotiate peace (1918-1919), member of the reparations commission and supreme economic council (1919), American representative at the Berlin debt conference (1933), and as United States secretary of state (1953-1959). Consists of 282 transcripts of tape-recorded interviews concerning John Foster Dulles (Princeton Class of 1908) and his times by men and women who knew and worked with him

The Development and Resources Corporation (D&R), founded and directed by David E. Lilienthal, operated from 1955 to 1979 and was based in New York City. D&R provided regional economic development services to governments throughout the world, often with a focus on the development of water resources and the construction of dams. Its main project was the development of the Khuzestan region of Iran. D&R's records document its development projects and business operations and include correspondence, contracts, data and maps, proposals and reports, and collected materials about each country.

Daniel C. Kurtzer (1949-) is a professor and former American diplomat. The collection mostly pertains to Kurtzer's work for the U.S. Foreign Service.

The James A. Baker III Oral History Project is a joint project run by the Seeley G. Mudd Library at Princeton University and the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University. The collection consists of transcripts and audio files of interviews with individuals who knew and worked closely with James A. Baker III during his career in politics and public service.

Roman Bitsuie is associated with Navajo Hopi Land Commission Office and these papers document his service on the Navajo Tax Commission, the Navajo Tribal Council and the Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute Commission

John Longworth Swift (1922-2013) was senior engineer and vice president of the Development and Resources Corporation (D and R). The majority of the collection pertains to Swift's work for D and R, especially his supervision of the Dez Dam project in the Khuzestan region of Iran.

Richard Ullman (1933-2014) was a scholar of U.S. foreign policy and international affairs. The collection documents Ullman's career as an academic, his service with the U.S. State Department and the Council on Foreign Relations, and his process of researching and publishing the three-volume Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917-1971.

R. W. Apple, Jr. (1934-2006) was a journalist, correspondent and editor at the New York Times. Apple covered a variety of topics including war, revolution, politics and government, and food and drink. The collection is composed of Apple's research for his travel writings on various cities, countries, and chefs. The research is comprised of reporter's notebooks, annotated menus, maps, and news clippings. The collection also includes correspondence and personal documents such as baptismal records, marriage licenses, and family photographs.

Leland H. Jenks (1892-1976) was a professor of economics and sociology at Wellesley College, and also taught economic history at Columbia University. Jenks's papers document his research on the Cuban sugar industry and include his notes from interviews and a trip to Cuba, statistics, articles, and reports.

A. Frederick Gerstell is a member of the Princeton University Class of 1960. The collection is composed of mostly World War II-era correspondence, photographs, and ephemera collected by Gerstell.

William M. Leary (1934-2006) was an aviation historian who wrote his doctoral thesis on the politician H. Alexander Smith. The collection contains materials that Leary consulted in the process of writing his thesis, along with a manuscript of the thesis.

Robert B. Klausner (1926-2016) was a political activist who supported Bill Bradley's bid for president in 2000. The collection consists of Robert B. Klausner's records related to the overall finances of Bill Bradley's 2000 presidential campaign and fundraising events and strategies in California.

Paul A. Volcker (1927-) is an economist who has served in several prominent positions in the federal government, most notably as undersecretary of the Treasury (1969-1974), chairman of the Federal Reserve (1979-1987), and chairman of President Obama's Economic Recovery Advisory Board (2009-2011). The collection contains Volcker's subject files, mainly created during his term as president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and incoming and outgoing correspondence from his tenure as chairman of the Federal Reserve. The collection also includes documentation of some of Volcker's specific duties in these two roles, such as records from the meetings of the Federal Reserve's Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC).

Todd S. Purdum (1959-) is a political journalist whose work has appeared in a number of publications, including Vanity Fair, The New York Times, and POLITICO. The collection is mostly composed of Purdum's research materials on various political and cultural figures created for his work with Vanity Fair. Other noteworthy materials in the collection relate to Purdum's senior thesis written for Princeton University's History Department on the Eisenhower-era State Department's Loyalty-Security Program.

John Lewis Gaddis (1941- ) is a diplomatic historian noted for his analysis of the Cold War. The John Lewis Gaddis Papers on George F. Kennan contain interviews conducted by Gaddis for his authorized biography of noted diplomat and historian George F. Kennan and include transcripts and recordings of the interviews.

David Laurence Aaron (1938-) served as Deputy National Security Advisor from 1977–1981. The collection mostly documents Aaron's service under Jimmy Carter's administration, though records dating from his time working for Walter F. Mondale and in the private sector are also present.

Livia Plaks was a co-founder of the Princeton-based Project on Ethnic Relations (PER) and served as executive director. This collection includes publications, correspondence, subject files and photographs created by Plaks relating to the PER.

Richard T. Arndt (1928-) worked in cultural diplomacy for over two decades for the U.S. Information Agency and the Department of State. The collection contains his papers, speeches, article clippings, and correspondence related to cultural diplomacy.

Robert B. Oakley (1931-2014) was a Foreign Service Officer who served as U.S. Ambassador to Zaire, Somalia, and Pakistan. The collection consists of a comprehensive oral history with Oakley, along with his various speeches, articles, and papers on the topics of U.S. diplomacy and foreign relations.

Makoto Yasuda is the former chairman of Private Investment Company for Asia (PICA), an association of 243 North American, European, Japanese, Australian, and Canadian companies and banks. Based in Singapore, PICA funded new and existing private businesses throughout Asia, specifically in countries with tiger economies. The collection is comprised of PICA's annual and quarterly reports, investment proposals and reports on investment projects, and Board of Directors and Executive Committee meeting minutes and correspondence.