Albert Mathias Friend, Jr. (Princeton Class of 1915), was an officer and a scholar. Friend served in World War I and then did his graduate studies in art and architecture in Europe, studying and salvaging the great works of art and architecture that may have been damaged by the fighting. He then worked with Harvard's Dumbarton Oaks Research Library before becoming a professor at Princeton University. The collection contains notes and course materials from Friend's time as a student and as a professor, correspondence, and some of his research materials, photographs, and negatives, focusing on medieval art and architecture in Greece, Rome, and other Mediterranean cultures.

Albert O. Hirschman (1915- ) was a leading scholar in the field of economic development whose work focused on Latin America but encompassed the globe. He was a professor at Yale, Columbia, Harvard, and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Hirschman's papers document his scholarship on economic development and his academic career and include his correspondence written while he was at the Institute for Advanced Study, his writings, and his research notes and materials, especially related to his work in Latin America and for the World Bank.

The collection contains both original and printed material relating to Albert Schweitzer, the French missionary physician who founded the Lambaréné Hospital in French Equatorial Africa in 1913 and who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 for his philosophy of "reverence for life."

The Alejandro Rossi Papers consist of personal notebooks, manuscripts, correspondence with writers, academics, editors and artists, and printed material of the writer.

Alexander D. Wainwright (Princeton Class of 1939) was an avid bookman and collector. He had a lengthy career at the Princeton University Library, serving as assistant university librarian for collection development and as curator of the Morris L. Parrish Collection of Victorian Novelists. His collection consists of of manuscripts, correspondence, drawings, and related material by and about Thomas Wolfe, the American novelist, playwright, and storywriter.

Consists of the collection of Alexandros Xydēs, Greek diplomat and art critic. Included are typed manuscripts, correspondence, off-prints, ephemera, and other printed material with a focus on Greek politics, Cyprus, human rights, and international relations.

Consists of personal, professional, and academic papers of the Pueblo anthropologist Alfonso Ortiz (1939-1997), including correspondence, working files, and materials related to the Association on American Indian Affairs (AAIA).

Consists of autograph musical compositions, diaries, notebooks, and related material of Boswell, an American composer.

Alfred J. Lotka (1880-1949), a statistician for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, was a significant contributor to the field of demography. He was a pioneer in the study of population dynamics and conducted research on the mathematical theory of evolution and the mathematical analysis of populations. Lotka's papers document his scholarship and his involvement in professional organizations and include drafts of his works, his notes and research materials, and correspondence.

Consists chiefly of letters by Alfred Thayer Mahan to his publisher regarding his writings about United States naval history. Mahan was a U.S. naval officer in the Civil War, and his work on the importance of adequate navies and merchant marines influenced the policies and philosophies of national leaders across the globe, including those of the 26th president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt.