The Office of Communications is Princeton University's administrative department with oversight of media relations and publicity, official publications, web site design and development, and photographic services. The Office of Communications Records consist of subject files and photographs created by the office, some going back to the 1920s, when the first Director of Public Relations was appointed.

The Office of Development is the centralized administrative unit which oversees Princeton University's many fundraising programs. Consists exclusively of closed donor files created and maintained by Princeton University's Office of Development. No other administrative records are included.

The Office of Development is the centralized administrative unit which oversees Princeton University's many fundraising programs, including Annual Giving, the 1746 Society, Endowment Gifts, Bequests, and more. Consists of files of the Princeton University Office of Development pertaining to several major fundraising campaigns including the 1919 Endowment Campaign and the "53 Million Campaign".

The Office of General Counsel, established in 1972, provides legal counsel to officers and departments of the University, and serves as legal representative for the University in litigation, administrative matters, and transactions. The records contain correspondence, memoranda, interview transcripts, administrative material relating to the Office of General Counsel and other departments, legal documents, grant and tax reports, legal briefs, affidavits, depositions, as well as litigation material involving estates, trusts, gifts, University employees, and various individuals and corporations.

The Office of Physical Planning was the division of Princeton University's Department of Facilities charged with oversight of the construction of new buildings on campus and alterations to existing structures. The records consist of office files and architectural drawings in a variety of formats.

The Office of Research and Project Administration acts as coordinator for all grants sought by the University, and also ensures the conformance of University practice with governmental regulations. The collection consists of annual reports, board minutes, policies, and interoffice correspondence of ORPA. Additionally, it contains files assembled for large-scale university research projects such as the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, as well as on research-related issues such as the use of human subjects and biosafety.

Established in 1920, the Office of the Controller is responsible for the preparation of the University's annual audited financial statements, as well as financial and tax reports to several government agencies including the Internal Revenue Service. Consists of records produced by the Office of the Controller that document University financial matters.

Princeton University's Dean of the Faculty is the senior administrator responsible for the quality and well-being of the faculty and professional staff of the university. The collection consists of personnel files for nearly every individual at one time employed as a member of Princeton University's faculty or professional staff.

Princeton University's Dean of the Faculty is the senior administrator responsible for the quality and well-being of the faculty and professional staff of the university. The collection consists of personnel files for nearly every individual at one time employed as a member of Princeton University's faculty or professional staff.

Princeton University's Dean of the Faculty is the senior administrator responsible for the quality and well-being of the faculty and professional staff of the university. The collection consists of personnel files for nearly every individual at one time employed as a member of Princeton University's faculty or professional staff.

Princeton University's Dean of the Faculty is the senior administrator responsible for the quality and well-being of the faculty and professional staff of the university. The collection consists of personnel files for nearly every individual at one time employed as a member of Princeton University's faculty or professional staff.

Princeton University's Dean of the Faculty is the senior administrator responsible for the quality and well-being of the faculty and professional staff of the university. The collection consists of personnel files for nearly every individual at one time employed as a member of Princeton University's faculty or professional staff.

Princeton University's Dean of the Faculty is the senior administrator responsible for the quality and well-being of the faculty and professional staff of the university. The collection consists of personnel files for nearly every individual at one time employed as a member of Princeton University's faculty or professional staff.

Princeton University's Dean of the Faculty is the senior administrator responsible for the quality and well-being of the faculty and professional staff of the university. The collection consists of personnel files for nearly every individual at one time employed as a member of Princeton University's faculty or professional staff.

Princeton University's Dean of the Faculty is the senior administrator responsible for the quality and well-being of the faculty and professional staff of the university. The collection consists of personnel files for nearly every individual at one time employed as a member of Princeton University's faculty or professional staff.

Princeton University's Dean of the Faculty is the senior administrator responsible for the quality and well-being of the faculty and professional staff of the university. The collection consists of personnel files for nearly every individual at one time employed as a member of Princeton University's faculty or professional staff.

Princeton University's Dean of the Faculty is the senior administrator responsible for the quality and well-being of the faculty and professional staff of the university. The collection consists of personnel files for nearly every individual at one time employed as a member of Princeton University's faculty or professional staff.

Princeton University's Dean of the Faculty is the senior administrator responsible for the quality and well-being of the faculty and professional staff of the university. The collection consists of personnel files for nearly every individual at one time employed as a member of Princeton University's faculty or professional staff.

Princeton University's Dean of the Faculty is the senior administrator responsible for the quality and well-being of the faculty and professional staff of the university. The collection consists of personnel files for nearly every individual at one time employed as a member of Princeton University's faculty or professional staff.

Princeton University's Dean of the Faculty is the senior administrator responsible for the quality and well-being of the faculty and professional staff of the university. The collection consists of personnel files for nearly every individual at one time employed as a member of Princeton University's faculty or professional staff.

Princeton University's Dean of the Faculty is the senior administrator responsible for the quality and well-being of the faculty and professional staff of the university. The collection consists of personnel files for nearly every individual at one time employed as a member of Princeton University's faculty or professional staff.

Princeton University's Dean of the Faculty is the senior administrator responsible for the quality and well-being of the faculty and professional staff of the university. The collection consists of personnel files for nearly every individual at one time employed as a member of Princeton University's faculty or professional staff.

Princeton University's Dean of the Faculty is the senior administrator responsible for the quality and well-being of the faculty and professional staff of the university. The collection consists of personnel files for nearly every individual at one time employed as a member of Princeton University's faculty or professional staff.

Princeton University's dean of the faculty is the senior administrator responsible for the quality and well-being of the faculty and professional staffs of the university. In the past, the office has been responsible for matters ranging from student discipline to undergraduate academic life and the curriculum. This record group consists of the files of the faculty, the dean, the office, and its staff. In addition to the office's subject files, the collection includes the records of faculty meetings, faculty and University committees, and the personnel files of faculty, senior staff, and trustees.

The religious interests of members of the University are served through the offices of the Dean of Religious Life and the Chapel, which work with chaplains of different denominations and faiths on a variety of activities. The Dean of the Chapel records document the activities of the Office and the Chapel and include former dean files, historical material, minutes, and marriage, birth, baptism, and death records as well as adminsitrative files and programs of services and concerts.

Consists of individual academic files of former undergraduate students of Princeton University, containing grades, transcripts, and other information relating to the subject's academic career. To search for a student by name, please use the finding aids listed as "Other Finding Aids" under "Access and Use." The finding aids are divided by decade, beginning with 1921.

This collection consists of the individual academic files of former undergraduate students of Princeton University. The files contain grades, transcripts, and other information relating to the subject's academic career.

The Office of the Dean of the College is charged with overseeing undergraduate admission, curriculum, and academic development. The records document the work of the Dean of the College and the office staff, as well as faculty, students, alumni, and trustees whose work and interests have fallen under the domain of the Office of the Dean of the College. This record group contains annual reports, meeting minutes, departmental records, and correspondence.

The Dean of Undergraduate Students, formerly known as the Dean of Students and the Dean of Student Affairs, is the University's administrative office charged with oversight of undergraduate residential life, extracurricular activities, and student discipline. The Dean of Undergraduate Students records contain correspondence, memos, and meeting minutes, as well as the financial records of student organizations.

The records of the Office of President Goheen contain the files of the President's Office during the administration of President Robert F. Goheen (1957-1972). The collection contains eighteen series, which consist of correspondence and memoranda, reports, speeches, publications, and related materials, which were created or received by Robert Goheen and other members of the President's office.

The Pyne Honor Prize, established in 1922 in honor of Moses Taylor Pyne '77, is the highest distinction conferred on an undergraduate student at Princeton University. The collection documents the annual awarding of the Pyne Honor Prize from 1939-1960. Within each year's file is correspondence, biographical and academic information about the recipients, and award statements.

The President of the University is charged with the general supervision of the interests of the University and with special oversight of the departments of instruction. This collection consists of the collected reports to the President prepared annually by each academic department and administrative office.

This collection contains records relating to Princeton University presidents from Jonathan Dickinson, who served in this capacity from 1746 to 1747, to Harold W. Dodds, whose tenure spanned the period from 1933 to 1957. It brings together both primary and secondary materials pertaining to individual presidents as well as the office of the president itself. The Princeton University Presidents' Records document the lives and accomplishments of each president with varying completeness, as well as the functions of their office.

The Office of the President Records: Harold T. Shapiro contains the files generated and compiled by Princeton University's Office of the President during the administration of Harold Tafler Shapiro *64, the University's 18th president. The records consist of files pertaining to academic programs, campus building projects, fundraising, students, faculty, and staff and include correspondence, reports, speeches, and printed materials.

The collection contains the files compiled by the Office of the President during the presidency of William G. Bowen GS'58 (July 1972 to January 1988). The files consist of correspondence, memoranda, reports, speeches, publications, and other assorted material. Series 18 includes the files of three assistants to the president, biographical and photographic material about Bowen, and a card index of the files. There is some overlap between the files in this collection and the files of presidents Goheen and Shapiro. Records found here are sometimes duplicated in the records of other administrative offices on campus.

Working in conjunction with the Office of Development, Princeton University's Office of the Recording Secretary receives and officially acknowledges gifts to Princeton on behalf of the president and the trustees of the University, and keeps donors informed as to the impact of their gifts. The files from the Office of the Recording Secretary consist of records of gifts donated to Princeton.

The Office of the Registrar is the administrative office of Princeton University responsible for the collection and maintenance of the academic records of the student body, as well as the establishment of course and examination schedules and the collection of fees related to matriculation and registration. The records contain the academic records of individual students, subject files on topics related to admissions and matriculation, statistical reports, and other official documents issued by the Office of the Registrar.

Since its first class of six graduates and one honoree in 1748, Princeton University has awarded over 80,000 diplomas. This collection contains 213 original diplomas and photostats, including executed diplomas as well as blank, sample or spoiled diplomas.

In 1946 the University unveiled a memorial to those students who had been lost during the Second World War in Nassau Hall. The records document the planning and execution of the memorial including pictures, preliminary lists of honorees, correspondence with parents and campus groups, and programs from the memorial's unveiling ceremony.

The Commencement Records contain programs, bulletins, announcements and newspaper clippings which document commencement activities from 1748 to the present. Files are arranged chronologically by year. In addition there are separate series consisting of bound programs, electrical broadcast transcriptions, bound commencement notices, oversize material, and audio recordings of various commencement, class day, and baccalaureate activities.

The Office of the Treasurer is Princeton University's administrative office charged with the coordination and execution of the receipt, disbursement, custody, and safeguarding of the financial assets and resources of the University. The Office of the Treasurer records document the custodianship of Princeton University's finances and contain correspondence, annual reports, budgets, audited statements, and other finance-related materials which are related to the University's assets, investments, cash flow, and spending practices.

This collection chronicles the administrative responsibilities and activities of the vice presidents and secretaries of the University. Included are correspondence, memoranda, and notes concerning committee activities. Also included are press releases, discussions pertaining to trustee matters, scholarship information, and biographical files on honorary degree recipients.

The Office of the Vice President for Campus Life is an administrative office at Princeton University responsible for enriching the student experience for the University's undergraduate and graduate students. The Office of the Vice President for Campus Life Records contain internal emails, reports, minutes, spreadsheets, and other office files that document the activities of the office from its inception in the early 21st century and through its first decade and a half of existence.

Princeton University's Vice President for Public Affairs has administrative oversight, under the President, of the presentation of the objectives and activities of the University to all its various publics, and serves as spokesperson for the University when needed. The records of the Vice President for Public Affairs consist of subject files assembled on topics relevant to the office's activities, as well as chronological files containing correspondence and interoffice memoranda.

Consists of quarterly status reports and technical reports created by the Plastics Laboratory at Princeton University from 1946 to 1954. The Laboratory which was established in 1946 conducted basic research involving problems of a fundamental nature as well as towards the development of plastics and materials with specific properties.

The President's Program was a fundraising drive initiated by Princeton President Harold W. Dodds in 1936. Targeting alumni, the program had an ultimate goal of raising over 7 million dollars, to be distributed across three major projects; the construction of a new library, the developement of the school of public and international affairs, and increased scholarship funds. Consists of regional files containing correspondence with program representatives throughout the nation.

The Princeton University Press Records document the business acitivities of Princeton University Press. They include extensive files on works published by the press, as well as staff files, review files, editorial board and board of trustees files, financial information, production files, and publications.

The Princeton Print Club was founded in late 1940 by a group of students seeking to advance the appreciation of graphic arts among the campus community. The records consist of financial accounts, correspondence, and pamphlets which document the activities and membership of the Princeton Print Club.

Though informal fundraising groups acting under the auspices of the Graduate Council had used the name since the 1920s, the Princeton University Fund as it came to be known was officially assembled in 1940 to provide a permanent organization dedicated to annual giving and other fundraising efforts. Consists of detailed committee minutes and correspondence of the Princeton University Fund. Also included in the collection are annual fundraising reports, promotional materials and clippings, and organizational charts.

The University Land Records consist of deeds, mortgages, bonds, other legal papers, and maps concerning the acquisition, disposition, or description of University properties. The records document the physical expansion of the University from its earliest period through the acquisition of large tracts of land in the 20th century, including the properties around Carnegie Lake and numerous farms. A portion of the papers relate to research conducted by Professor Gerald Breese for his book Princeton University Land, 1752-1984 (1986).

This collection consists of essays, notes on readings, laboratory notebooks, drawings and similar academic work products created by Princeton students.

This collection contains playbills mostly from Greece and a few from other countries.

Princeton University's Program in Latin American Studies was founded in 1966 as an interdisciplinary course of study to supplement the regular undergraduate or graduate curriculum. Consists of publications, event information, videos of conferences, and other informational materials about the Program in Latin American Studies.

The School of Architecture, previously known as the School of Architecture and Urban Planning, is Princeton University's academic unit dedicated to the teaching and study of architecture and related topics. The records include subject files, correspondence, course descriptions, and other administrative materials, as well as records from the Bureau of Urban Research and its successor, the Research Center for Urban and Environmental Planning.

The Cyrus Fogg Brackett Lectureship in Applied Engineering and Technology was established in memory of Professor Brackett in 1921 and continued until 1953. The collection contains many of the lectures–both in manuscript and published form–and correspondence with lecturers and potential lecturers. The collection also includes some general materials relating to the lectureship, such as citations, registries, histories, schedules, and short summaries of Professor Brackett's life and accomplishments.

Princeton University's School of Engineering and Applied Science is an academic unit which since 1921 has overseen the curriculum and administration of the University's academic departments in the engineering sciences. The records document the activities of the School of Engineering and its subordinate departments and programs from its origins in the late 19th century until the present, and consist of correspondence, subject files, research reports, photographs, and other audiovisual materials.

The collection contains records of the Princeton University student-run theatre organization and includes correspondence, clippings, photographs, playbills, posters, scripts, designs, and promotional materials.

The Triangle Club Records consists of records of the Club and its predecessor, the Princeton College Drama Association, for productions performed by these organizations from 1883 to the present. Materials include correspondence, playbills, scripts, scores, newspaper clippings, posters, scrapbooks, and photographs as well as audio-visual recordings.

This collection provides the most basic source of information about Princeton University's governing body. In addition to minutes of the Trustees' meetings, the collection contains related papers and reports, organized according to purpose.

The Admission Office has determined who should be allowed to enroll as undergraduates at Princeton University since 1922. The actual composition and the desired composition of each class have been contentious campus issues since the introduction of selective admission. The debates over the value of recruiting and admitting alumni sons, war veterans, athletes, disadvantaged students (especially racial minorities), and women are reflected in the records of the Admission Office. This collection includes a number of reports and minutes, some of which are restricted, news clippings and releases about Princeton admission, historical materials, and a series of Admission Office publications.

The University Research Board, which consists of six faculty members from different departments, is an advisory committee to the president on all research conducted at Princeton University. The collection consists of University Research Board meeting minutes, annual reports, correspondence between members, and some subject files, as well as the memos and correspondence of Raymond J. Woodrow, executive officer and secretary of the Committee on Project Research and Invention, predecessor to the University Research Board.

The records of the War Service Bureau include a wide range of documentation for Princeton men who served in World War II. Materials include biographical, military and school-related information, as well as correspondence between the students and Princeton University staff, faculty and students, and subject files for the War Service Bureau office.

Consists of miscellaneous business records of the Publishers' Lunch Club of New York City.

Frederick Quellmalz Jr. was a member of the Princeton University Class of 1934 and one of the founding members of the Princeton Camera Club, a student organization devoted to photography. This collection consists of print photographs and negatives primarily from the 1930s taken by Quellmalz Jr. and other Club members.

Sergio Ramírez has been a leading Nicaraguan author and politician. In 1977 Ramírez became head of the "Group of Twelve", a group of prominent intellectuals who supported the struggle of the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN) against the dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza Debayle. With the triumph of the Revolution in 1979, he became part of the Junta of the Government of National Reconstruction and in 1984 he was elected vice-president under Daniel Ortega. The collection consists of manuscripts of his writings, source materials, personal, literary and political correspondence, papers and documents related to Ramírez's political career and to Nicaraguan political history, writings of others, photographs, and graphic and printed materials.

Consists of 78 bound volumes containing Randall's journals, articles, and speeches concerning his relationships with Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard M. Nixon, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson, and his government posts.

The Karl L. Rankin Papers consist of correspondence, writings, memoranda, diaries, scrapbooks, and photo albums kept by Mr. Rankin which span his lifetime and career as an ambassador.

William Rankin (Princeton Class of 1886) was an art historian, specializing in Italian art, and was co-author, with Alice Van Vechten Brown, of A Short History of Italian Painting (1914). Consists of correspondence of Rankin.

The Alice Raphael Collection of Faust Materials contains photographs and epherema relating to the Yale bicentennial of Goethe's Faust , for which Alice Raphael's translation was used, as well as information about other productions of Faust and about Raphael's other work.

Lawrence Rauch was a Princeton University graduate student (Ph.D. Mathematics, 1949) and a pioneer in the field of radio telemetry. The bulk of the collection consists of letters written home by Rauch during his time as a graduate student at Princeton from 1941 to 1949, which document Princeton academics and student life as well as Rauch's work in radio telemetry, and include references to his defense work for the United States government.

Joseph Edward Raycroft was Princeton University's Chairman of the Department of Health and Physical Education. The Papers contain correspondence, writings, press-releases, reports, newspaper clippings, photographs, and memorabilia documenting Raycroft's personal life and career. Also included are library catalog lists and other material related to Raycrofts Library of memorabilia

Consists of typescripts of letters by Landon T. Raymond (Princeton Class of 1917) to his parents and other family members while at Princeton University and overseas during World War I; a diary for 1918; a file of correspondence related to his collection of books by and about members of the Class of 1917, especially F. Scott Fitzgerald.

R. B. O'Connor & W. H. Kilham, Jr. is the New York City architictural firm that was appointed in 1944 to design Princeton University's Firestone Library, which opened in 1948. The collection includes architectural drawings, plans and photographs of Firestone Library (1948) and the later addition of the John Foster Dulles Library of Diplomatic History (1962).

Consists chiefly of several official documents from the years just following World War II, when Samuel Reber was Acting Deputy Director for the Office of European Affairs with the U.S. Department of State and, later, Acting United States High Commissioner for Germany.

The papers of David Aiken Reed (1880-1953) consist primarily of clippings illustrating the political career of Pennsylvania Senator Reed (Class of 1900) during the years 1914-1940 with a few photographs of World War I campaigns, correspondence from President Herbert Hoover, the publisher Henry Luce and General John J. Pershing, Head of the American Expeditionary Forces of World War I, two letters of commendation, a testimonial, three army documents, and printed copies of a few speeches by Senator Reed.

Consists of 74 volumes of diaries, letters, reports, reminiscences, and other writings in typescript form, accompanied by clippings, photographs, designs, and memorabilia relating to Charles Mason Remey (1874-1974) and the Remey and Mason families.

Consists of the business and personal papers of Carlos Ribeiro, founder and owner of Livraria São José, a well-known bookstore and cultural center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Alan Windsor Richards was a freelance photographer known for the images he captured of people and events associated with Princeton University from the mid-1940s through the late 1960s. The collection consists of photographic negatives and a very few photographic prints of images captured by Richards of Princeton University athletes and sports events.

Consists of material relating to the American author Conrad Richter, including manuscripts, writing notebooks, notes, and galley proofs for several of his novels and other writings. Includes a substantial amount of personal and professional correspondence, as well as photographs.

Robert R. Bowie was a foreign policy expert and legal scholar who served four U.S. administrations as policy planner, counselor, and deputy CIA director, while teaching at Harvard Law School and founding Harvard's Center for International Affairs. The Robert R. Bowie Papers reflect his government service under four administrations, as well as his position at Harvard University, his Army service and work in the postwar military government of Germany, research for books he wrote, and his later activities as a member of national and international policy and strategy organizations.

Consists of miscellaneous material of Eirlys Roberts primarily relating to her United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation work in Italy and Albania during World War II and at the Consumers' Association, a consumer rights organization in the United Kingdom.

Consists of selected letters and poems of American poet/novelist Elizabeth Madox Roberts.

Consists primarily of letters by the American historical novelist Kenneth Roberts to his Doubleday editor, Malcolm Johnson.

The papers of Joseph A. Robinson, Princeton Class of 1931, are comprised almost entirely of Robinson's letters to his family during the years 1941-1952, when Robinson worked in the Office of War Information and the Foreign Service. The collection includes some drafts and copies of his work, radio scripts and newspaper clippings, as well as photographs, currency, invitations and postcards. Some of the later letters cover portions of his term in the Foreign Service, though with significant gaps. The most fully documented year is 1946. Robinson was involved in the establishment of informational and cultural affairs agencies in Saigon and Warsaw, and describes the internal politics and external challenges of creating an American news presence overseas.

Consists of a collection compiled by American clergyman Stewart M. Robinson (Princeton Class of 1915), including photostats of sermons, letters, pamphlets, and communications to newspapers by clergymen in colonial America, which he used as research material for a proposed book entitled "The Political Thought of the Colonial Clergy."

Consists of selected papers of Rockey (Princeton Class of 1916), including memoranda, correspondence, and reports from the period when he served as chairman (1942-1944) of the Navy Price Adjustment Board on the development and administration of defense contract renegotiations during World War II and post-war economic policy and planning.

The Emir Rodriguez Monegal Papers consists of correspondence, manuscripts of novels, short stories, verse, plays, and essays by others, mansucripts of essays and criticism by Rodriguez Monegal, photographs, and printed and recorded material.

This collection consists of correspondence, writings (poetry and prose), notebooks, photographs, and printed materials.

Consists primarily of papers collected by Miriam Rogers concerning Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) as medical missionary and physician at his hospital (founded in 1913) in Lambarene, French Equatorial Africa, after World War II. Rogers shared Albert Schweitzer's interest in music (as a pianist) and medicine, leading her to become chairman (1950-1971) of the""Friends of Albert Schweitzer" in Boston. She made several trips to Africa, France, and Germany to visit Schweitzer.

Arnold A. Rogow (1924-2006) was a political scientist, author, and psychotherapist. His main area of research was psychological explanations for politics, especially the decision-making of leaders, notably James Forrestal and Alexander Hamilton. The Rogow Papers are composed of materials he collected for his book James Forrestal: A Study of Personality, Politics, and Policy (The Macmillan Press: New York, 1963) and include correspondence with individuals who knew Forrestal, Rogow's notes, and other research materials.

Consists of personal papers and material related to the American West collected by Philip Ashton Rollins (1869-1950).

Consists of selected correspondence and documents of several members of the Roosevelt family.

Consists of scholar Robert K. Root's manuscript and notes for his annotated edition of Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde (1926), as well as six diaries he kept between the years 1914 and 1920.

Incorporated as The Melody Company by Abraham Meyers in 1911, the firm was purchased in 1967 by Princeton alumnus Charles H. Rose (Class of 1950) and his wife. By offering comic strips--the plates for printing them--to small newspapers, the firm was able to secure advertising space, which it sold to national advertisers seeking wider, more regional coverage. Advertisers knew the firm as The Meyers List; newspapers knew it as International Cartoons Limited. The company was dissolved on 20 March 1997, and its printing plates were distributed to various museums and repositories, including Princeton University. Consists of assorted records of the American Melody Company and its corporate aliases (Meyers List Inc. and International Cartoons Limited), including minute and stock books, corporate seals, scrapbooks of cartoon strips, copies of contracts with advertisers, trademark registrations, and dissolution documents.

The Alejandro Rossi Papers consist of personal notebooks, manuscripts, correspondence with writers, academics, editors and artists, and printed material of the writer.

Consists of research files, primarily government records, of scholar and author Jacques Roumani (1944-2016) on Libya during the period of Italian colonization.