Rush Family Papers, 1675-1885 (mostly 1817-1849)

Contents and Arrangement

Collection View

Series 1: Writings of Richard Rush (1780-1859), 1811-1856

6 boxes

1 folder

Series 2: Correspondence, 1768-1919 April 20

32 boxes

1 page

Series 3: Papers, Documents, and Correspondence Relating to the English Mission, 1792-1848

3 boxes

Description:

Consists of papers, documents, and correspondence relating to the English Mission. Included are items regarding the impressment of soldiers, the Northwest Territory, fisheries, West Indian Trade, slave trade, Spain, and the St. Lawrence River.

Consists of correspondence and papers related to the French Mission.

3 boxes

1 box

Series 6: Documents, 1810-1859

2 boxes

Description:

1 box

Woodward, George Washington (1809-1875), 1870

1 box

Series 10: Documents of Benjamin Rush (1811-1877), 1840 November 5

1 box

Description:

Consists of the documents of Benjamin Rush, including the Rush family genealogy, passports, report cards, and commissions.

1 box

Description:

Consists of the papers of Benjamin Rush, including his works, letters, and miscellaneous documents.

1 box

Description:

Consists of the papers of Julia Stockton Rush, comprised of letters sent by and received by Julia Stockton Rush.

Consists of the papers of other members of the Rush family, including Emily Rush Cuthbert, Anna Maria Rush, and Madison Rush, as well as others.

Consists of papers of persons who are not members of the Rush family, including works, correspondence, documents, and printed matter.

1 box

Description:

Consists of pictures primarily of Benjamin and Richard Rush as well as family pictures.

5 boxes

Description:

Consists of newspaper clippings from 1818-1887.

Not arranged according to any arrangement scheme.

Newspaper Clippings, 1818-1887

5 boxes

Series 17: Memorabilia and Miscellaneous, 1848-1854

4 boxes

Description:

Consists of memorabilia of the Rush family and miscellaneous material.

Not arranged according to any arrangement scheme.

Memorabilia, undated

1 box

Miscellaneous, undated

2 boxes

Maps and Charts, 1848-1854

1 box

Scope and Contents

The collection documents the career of Richard Rush (Princeton Class of 1797) as lawyer, statesman, and diplomat, emphasizing diplomatic negotiations between the United States and Great Britain while he was minister to Great Britain (1817-1825) and between the United States and France when he was minister to France (1847-1849), as well as his successful efforts (1836-1838) in securing the Smithsonian bequest, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution. Important international issues detailed in diplomatic dispatches and protocols include fisheries, impressment of sailors, maritime law, territorial claims to the Northwest part of America, the Seminole Wars, West Indian trade, slave trade, and free navigation of the St. Lawrence River. Various writings of Rush, his personal correspondence, a code used for confidential diplomatic correspondence, passports, diplomas, certificates, maps/charts,and other documents are also included.

Correspondents in the collection include John Quincy Adams, George Bancroft, Nicholas Biddle, James Buchanan, George Canning, Sir Stratford Canning, Robert Stewart Castlereagh, James Fenimore Cooper, George Mifflin Dallas, Albert Gallatin, Washington Irving, Andrew Jackson, Thomas Jefferson, the Marquis of Lafayette, Dolley and James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Samuel Morse, John Trumbull, Daniel Webster, and Noah Webster. There is also correspondence to Rush's father, Dr. Benjamin Rush (1746-1813, Princeton Class of 1760); to his son, Benjamin Rush (1811-1877, Princeton Class of 1829); and to other members of the Rush family; and works and correspondence of other persons not members of the Rush family.

Collection Creator Biography:

Rush

Richard Rush (August 29, 1780-July 30, 1859), lawyer, diplomat, and statesman, was born at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the second son and third child of the celebrated physician, Benjamin Rush, and Julia (Stockton) Rush. The boy grew up in a cultivated household and at the age of fourteen was ready for entrance into the College of New Jersey (now Princeton), from which his father and his maternal grandfather had graduated. In college he was the youngest member of his class, and, while not a distinguished student, showed great interest and ability in debating. After finishing his course he studied law in the office of William Lewis, a well-known legal luminary of Philadelphia, and was admitted to the bar in December 1800. His reputation as a speaker began to be established when in 1807 he made an eloquent speech on the sinking of the Chesapeake at the public meeting in the State House yard in Philadelphia. In 1808 he defended William Duane, the editor of the Aurora, against the charge of libel for an attack upon Governor Thomas McKean of Pennsylvania, and thus made his first important political contacts. He refused, however, to be a candidate for Congress at this time. In January 1811, he was appointed attorney-general of Pennsylvania, the beginning of nearly twenty years of uninterrupted office-holding. An ardent Republican, he warmly opposed the renewal of the charter of the Bank of the United States, and in November, having attracted the favorable attention of President Madison, to whom he long remained devoted, he became comptroller of the treasury. On July 4, 1812, the administration put him forward to defend the war with Great Britain in an address at Washington. Rush's temperament, in general, was not belligerent, and the cool and objective character of his mind was ill-suited to whipping up the war-spirit. The speech is almost apologetic in tone, far too argumentative to be a great war speech, but it seemed to be well received, and encouraged him to more political pronouncements, which helped to make him better known. In February 1814, he was offered the choice of the offices of secretary of the treasury, or of attorney-general, and chose the latter. In this post he was charged with the duty of editing the Laws of the United States from 1789 to 1815 (5 vols., 1815), which he performed in authoritative fashion. On the inauguration of Monroe, Rush was made secretary of state, pending the return of John Quincy Adams from Europe to assume that office. In this capacity, he negotiated the famous Rush-Bagot convention (April 28, 1817), establishing a limitation of naval armaments on the Great Lakes, one of the earliest treaties of this kind in the history of the United States. On October 31, 1817, he was appointed minister to Great Britain. Rush was undoubtedly amongst the most efficient and best liked of American ministers to the Court of St. James. A man of high breeding, emphatically a gentleman, he moved with ease in the British society of the period, and his genuine regard for the British people, coupled with wide intellectual interests and a tact that was almost unfailing, gave him a wide measure of success. He was confronted with a great variety of difficult problems at the very outset, a number of important disputes with Great Britain left over by the War of 1812 not having yet been liquidated. These included the fisheries question, the matter of compensation for the slaves carried off by the British in the war, and the troublesome problem of the northwest boundary. The convention of October 20, 1818, did not really settle all of these, only the question of the slaves being put in the way of a final solution. But Rush negotiated a treaty of joint occupation of Oregon which served as a basis of understanding for nearly thirty years, and he secured important concessions on the fisheries problem. In 1819 he dealt with great wisdom with the issue raised by Andrew Jackson's recent invasion of Florida, and the execution of two British subjects, Ambrister and Arbuthnot. British public opinion was exceedingly inflamed, and Lord Castlereagh, the foreign secretary, afterwards told the minister that war might have been brought about if he had but lifted a finger ( Memoranda of a Residence at the Court of London, 1845, p. 152). In his conversations with Castlereagh, Rush set forward the American point of view with remarkable candor, and yet without offense. His description of his interview with Castlereagh on this occasion may be regarded as a model of diplomatic manners. Rush played an important role in diplomatic negotiations which led up to the enunciation of the Monroe Doctrine. In the summer of 1823, French troops had invaded Spain, and George Canning, the British foreign secretary, had received certain intimations from Sir Charles Stuart, the British minister in Paris, with regard to a projected congress on the affairs of South America. Suspecting that such a congress might pave way for the re-conquest of the Spanish colonies, Canning asked if it might not be possible for Rush to join him in a joint prohibition of such action. Rush had, of course, no instructions. After carefully pondering the matter, he decided that he could not accept the proposal, barring British recognition of the independence of the colonies. When Canning stated his inability to act on this basis, Rush, despite new and pressing overtures from Canning, refused to commit himself. The dispatches which he wrote in August and September 1823 were an important factor in persuading James Monroe and John Quincy Adams to take the strong stand which they assumed in the memorable message of December 2. The message was not well received in England. In particular, that part of it (directed against Russia in the northwest, and not concerned with the Spanish colonies) which forbade new colonization by European powers in the American hemisphere, was most unacceptable to Canning. Rush had to do what he could to defend it, and, acting under instructions, he brought it forward in the new discussions on the northwest question which took place in 1824. He did not, however, succeed in persuading the British commissioners to acquiesce in it. In the course of his long stay in England, Rush examined many different aspects of British institutions. He made a special study of the British navy, and it was his desire, when John Quincy Adams became president in 1825, that he might become secretary of the navy in the new administration. At Adams' insistence however, he accepted the office of secretary of the treasury, and discharged the duties of this post with extraordinary fidelity, never having been absent from office a single day in the course of four years, except for one week's illness. In this period of his life he was a protectionist, though of a rather mild type. He was no doubt partly influenced by the opinion of his state, and also apparently by the infant industry argument. He desired, however, to institute a warehouse and drawback system, not unlike that which existed in Great Britain. He played no prominent part in connection with the tariff of abominations in 1828, but does not seem to have been hostile to that measure. In 1828 he accepted a place on the ticket with John Quincy Adams, as a candidate for vice-president, but went down to a crushing defeat with the rise of Jacksonian Democracy. At this period came one of Rush's rare lapses from the urbanity which was characteristic of him. On his appointment to the Treasury, he had been the object of a slashing attack by John Randolph, who stigmatized his appointment as the worst since Caligula had made his horse a consul (Powhatan Bouldin, Home Reminiscences of John Randolph, of Roanoke, 1878, p. 317). Rush was stung by this, and other attacks, into publishing under the pen name of Julius an attack upon Randolph, splenetic in the extreme. He declared his willingness to avow his authorship, and accept a challenge to a duel, if Randolph cared to take the pains to look into the matter (Julius, John Randolph, Abroad and at Home, 1828, p. 13). For some years after 1828 Rush was in private life. In 1829 he was sent abroad by the towns of Georgetown and Alexandria and the city of Washington to negotiate a loan of one and a half million dollars for the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal. Received with considerable coolness in Great Britain, despite his many personal friendships there, he finally succeeded in getting very favorable terms from the Dutch bank of the Cromelines. His efforts were not as gratefully received as he thought they should have been by those who sent him. In the Anti-Masonic agitation Rush took a prominent part, and he was the first choice of the new political group for the presidency. He declined to run, however. The struggle over the Bank in 1832 brought him back into the Democratic party. He sympathized strongly with President Jackson on this issue. In 1835, together with General Benjamin Chew Howard of Baltimore, he was commissioned to settle a boundary dispute between the states of Ohio and Michigan, which threatened to result in an appeal to force. He succeeded in preventing an armed clash, though not in settling the question. In the summer of 1836 he sailed for England to secure the Smithson bequest to the United States. James Smithson, an Englishman, had died without issue, and had left the whole of his estate, on the death of a nephew, to the United States. The estate had become tied up in the chancery court, however, and it required much time and patience to liquidate the matter. Rush conducted his mission with efficiency and patience, and made use of his stay in Great Britain to resume many old connections, and to make new ones ( Occasional Productions, Political, Diplomatic, and Miscellaneous, 1869, pp. 219-57). He was also extremely successful in disposing on very favorable terms of the British securities which composed the Smithson estate, and, in August 1838, brought back to this country in English gold coin the sum of upwards of ￡104,000, which was used to establish the Smithsonian Institution. He always retained a great interest in this establishment, of which he was elected a regent, a post which he held to his death (Cyrus Alter, "The Relation of Richard Rush to the Smithsonian Institution" in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. LII, 1910, pp. 235-51). The next public service to which this interesting man was called (March 3, 1847) was that of minister to France, in the administration of President Polk. From 1838 to 1847 he had lived quietly on his estate outside of Philadelphia, but though now sixty-seven years old, he cheerfully accepted political office once more. He arrived in France in the closing days of the July monarchy, and was a witness to the stirring events of the February revolution, which he described with much skill ( Occasional Productions, pp. 355-82). After a brief period of reflection, he decided to recognize the republic then set up, without waiting for instructions from Washington, and despite the reserve of all the other members of the diplomatic corps. He followed with obvious mistrust the course of the red republican revolt of July, but seems to have witnessed without extravagant regret the election of Louis Napoleon as president in December 1848. He was recalled with the entry of the Whigs into power in 1849. This was Rush's last political office. He lived for ten years more, and still entertained an interest in public affairs. He approved the compromise measures of 1850, but was, in general, sympathetic with the attitude of the Democratic party towards slavery. He much feared the dissolution of the Union, censured the extravagance of the anti-slavery agitation, and voted for Buchanan in 1856. He died in Philadelphia on July 30, 1859. He had married Catherine E. Murray on August 29, 1809; of their ten children, three sons and two daughters survived him. Of the men of the second rank who played a role in politics in the Middle Period, Richard Rush is decidedly one of the most attractive. He no doubt betrays a certain conventionality of mind, in the general character of his political thought, but he was by no means unwilling to accept personal responsibility, or to act on his own initiative when the occasion required. He had singularly few enemies; indeed, outside of his feud with the acid Randolph, and one youthful political altercation in Pennsylvania, his life was remarkably free from personal controversy. Laborious to a degree, of judicious mind, of wide intellectual interests, and of engaging manners, he played worthily every role to which he was called. A certain fastidiousness may have had something to do with the limited character of his political success, as compared with that of other men decidedly his inferiors in capacity. In appearance he was distinctly impressive. He had remarkable eyes, a broad and high forehead, and an air of scholarship that was decidedly attractive. His writings are not literary masterpieces, but they are usually interesting, and reveal a keen observer of men and things. The most important are his Memoranda of a Residence at the Court of London, the first edition of which (1833) covered only two years, a second edition (1845) comprising the rest of his mission; and Occasional Productions, Political, Diplomatic and Miscellaneous, published by his executors in 1860. 1780 Born in Philadelphia, August 29 1797 Graduated from Princeton University 1800 Admitted to Pennsylvania bar 1809 Married Catherine Eliza Murray 1811 Appointed Attorney General of Pennsylvania 1811 Comptroller of the United States Treasury 1814-1817 Unites States Attorney General 1817 United States Secretary of State 1817-1824 United States Minister to Great Britain 1825-1828 United States Secretary of Treasury 1847-1849 United States Minister to France 1859 Died in Philadelphia, July 30 Biography of Benjamin Rush, 1746-1813 Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born near Philadelphia in 1746. He graduated from the College of New Jersey at the age of fifteen and continued his studies in medicine at the Univerity of Edinburgh. Benjamin Rush started practicing medicine in Philadelphia and, in 1769, became professor of chemistry at the College of Philadelphia. He became a surgeon in the "Pennsylvania Navy" and surgeon-general in 1777. Benjamin Rush was a member of the convention that ratified the Constitution of the United States in 1787. He was a founder of Dickinson College, treasurer of the United States Mint, and, until the time of his death in 1813, Rush continued teaching, rendering invaluable service during the yellow fever epidemic of 1795. Biography of Benjamin Rush, 1811-1877 Benjamin Rush, grandson of Benjamin and son of Richard Rush, was born in Philadelphia in 1811. He graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1829 and was admitted to the bar in 1833. In 1837 Benjamin Rush became Secretary of the United States Legation in London, and was Chargé d'Affaires there for a short time. Rush was the author of "An Appeal for the Union" (1861), and "Letters on the Rebellion" (1862). He died in Paris on June 30, 1877.

Acquisition:

The Rush Family Papers were presented to the Princeton University Library in 1963 by Alexander Rush (Princeton Class of 1933), Benjamin Rush, and R. Stockton Rush (Princeton Class of 1927).

Appraisal

No appraisal information is available.

Processing Information

This collection was processed in 1970. Finding aid written in 1970.

During 2022, restrictions on Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) letters were lifted as part of a restrictions review project.

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Credit this material:

Rush Family Papers; Manuscripts Division, Department of Special Collections, Princeton University Library

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Storage Note:

Firestone Library (scamss): Box 1-61

Bibliography: The following sources were consulted during preparation of biographical note: Dictionary of American Biography, Author's Edition, Volume XVI, 1937, pp. 231-234, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. In addition to the works mentioned in the biographical note on Richard Rush, see an excellent account of Rush's career down to 1840, in the U.S. Mag. and Democratic Rev., Apr. 1840, pp. 301-25; C. K. Webster, The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh, 1815-1822 (1925); Dexter Perkins, The Monroe Doctrine, 1823-1826 (1927); W. C. Ford, "John Quincy Adams and the Monroe Doctrine," in Am. Hist. Rev., July 1902; J. M. Callahan, "Agreement of 1817. Reduction of Naval Forces upon the Great Lakes," in Ann. Report of the Am. Hist. Asso. for the Year 1895 (1896); Beckles Wilson, America's Ambassadors to England, 1785-1928 (1928), and America's Ambassadors to France, 1777-1927 (1928); A Memorial of Dr. Benjamin Rush...Written by Himself (1905); Am. State Papers. Foreign Relations, vols. IV, V (1834, 1858); obituaries in Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), Public Ledger (Philadelphia), August 2, 1859; Trescott Papers, Lib. of Congress.; his diplomatic dispatches in the State Department. References to Dr. Benjamin Rush may be found in The Princeton University Library Chronicle in Volumes V: 36-37; VI: 34; VII: 17-18, 26; VIII: 61; IX: 1-12; and XIII: 178; to Richard Rush in Volumes XVII: 218; and XIX: 177; and to certain letters exchanged between members of the Rush Family in Volume XXII: 99-101.
Subject Terms:: Cipher and telegraphic codes -- United States -- Diplomatic and consular service -- 19th century
Diplomatic and consular service -- United States -- 19th century
Diplomats -- United States -- Clothing -- 19th century
Diplomats. -- 19th century
Fathers and sons -- United States -- 19th century
Fisheries -- Newfoundland. -- 19th century
Impressment. -- 19th century
Maritime law. -- 19th century
Seminole War, 1st -- 1817-1818.
Slave trade -- United States -- 19th century
Genre Terms:: Codes. -- 19th century
Diplomatic documents -- 19th century.
Passports. -- 19th century
Names:: College of New Jersey (Princeton, N.J.). Class of 1829.
Smithsonian Institution
Rush, Benjamin (1811-1877)
Places:: France -- Foreign relations -- United States -- 19th century
Great Britain -- Commerce -- West Indies. -- 19th century
Great Britain -- Foreign relations -- United States -- 19th century
Northwest coast of North America. -- 19th century
Saint Lawrence River -- Navigation -- Laws and legislation. -- 19th century
United States -- Commerce -- West Indies. -- 19th century
United States -- Foreign relations -- France. -- 19th century
United States -- Foreign relations -- Great Britain. -- 19th century

Series 1: Writings of Richard Rush (1780-1859), 1811-1856

Subseries 1A: Manuscripts, 1815-1847 March 13

"American Jurisprudence", 1815

"Impromptu - On taking my daughters with me on the French Mission", 1847 March 13

"Occasional Productions", Letters to His Wife, 1836 December 14-1837 June 21

Biographical Sketch of Mrs. Madison, 1842

Residence at Court of London, undated

Subseries 1B: Notebooks, 1817 March 20-1823

"Notes of conversations held with the Foreign Ministers, whilst I was charged with the duties of the Department of State", 1817 March 20-June 16

"Memorandums of official conversations and other incidents..." London, Books No. I-B and I-C, 1818-1823

Subseries 1C: Commonplace Books, 1818-1822

Volume I. "Remarks, sentiments, facts, etc. gathered from conversation, observation, and desultory reading..." Philadelphia, 1800-

Volume II. London, 1818

Volume III. London, 1820

Volume I. "Extracts and notes from miscellaneous reading." London, 1820

Volume II. "Extracts and notes from miscellaneous reading." London, 1821-1822

Subseries 1D: Memoranda, 1817 October-1856

"From Mr. Du Ponceau's notes", undated

"Brief references to contents of manuscript books marked No. 2, A, B, C, D, E, and F", dates not examined

Notes by Richard Rush on Franklin, Jefferson, Jay, and Expatriation, dates not examined

Extracts on Early Diplomatic Appointments from Sparks' Life of Governeur Morris, undated

Notes on Heraldry, dates not examined

"Memorandum of points submitted to the deliberation of the Cabinet.", 1817 October

Books Noted for Purchase [According to Circumstance], 1818-1823

"A dinner at home to H.R.H. the Duke of Sussex", 1822 May

Papers on Naval Matters, London, 1822

"Notes of occurences at the Treasury Department..." During the Absence of the President, 1828 February

History of England - Extracts and Notes from Bissett's Life of George III; Hume's History of England, and Smollet's Continuation, dates not examined

Extracts from the Parliamentary Debates Taken at the Royal Institution, 1829 August

Extracts from Rush's Residence at the Court of London, Relating to Benjamin West, dates not examined

To the Executive Committee of the French Republic, dates not examined

References Respecting French Revolution and Brief Occasional Extracts, etc., 1848

Note by Richard Rush: "This trunk for want of a better name... ", 1856

"Additions and Amendments Intended for the New Edition of the lives of the signers, in reference to Dr. Rush", dates not examined

Subseries 1E: Legal Opinions, 1811-1828

Notes on Chancery Law, undated

"References for the British Plenipotentiaries..." (Relating to Charters), dates not examined

"Sketch of capital crimes under laws of U.S.", dates not examined

Connecticut State Law of 1794, dates not examined

"References to the Penal law of Pennsylvania," R. Rush, 1811

"Cargo of the Brig Aurora vs. the U. States", 1813 February

"U. States vs. Schooner Hoppit and Cargo", Supreme Court of U.S., 1813 February

"U. States vs. Hudson and Goodwin", 1813 February

"Locke claimant etc. vs. The U. States", 1813 February

"The United States vs. The Brig William Gray", 1814 November 15

Bounty Paid to Discharged Soldiers, 1815-1816

"A Construction of the act of congress creating the Board of Naval Commissioners", 1815 February

United States vs. Estate of Lewis Deblois, dates not examined

Warburton Estate, 1815

"Questions stated by the Commissioner of the Revenue, stated in a letter..." Newark, New Jersey, 1816 January 4

"To the Secretary of State at the case of Mr. Crooks...", 1816 February 11

Case Under the 4th Article of the Treaty with Algiers, dates not examined

Revolutionary War Claims, 1828

Series 2: Correspondence, 1768-1919 April 20

Subseries 2A: Letters Sent by Richard Rush, 1806-1858

Adams, John Quincy (1767-1848), 1817-1824

Adams, John Quincy (1767-1848), 1824

Adams, John Quincy (1767-1848), 1817

Adams, John Quincy (1767-1848), 1818

Adams, John Quincy (1767-1848), 1819

Adams, John Quincy (1767-1848), 1820

Adams, John Quincy (1767-1848), 1821

Adams, John Quincy (1767-1848), 1822

Adams, John Quincy (1767-1848), 1823

Adams, John Quincy (1767-1848), 1824

American Colonization Society, 1821

American Philosophical Society, 1818

Anderson, David (Minister of the Gospel), 1821

Andrews, J. R., 1821

Appleton, James Jesse (1785-1862), 1821

Arago, B., 1849

French Mission letterbook, 1849

Armstrong, John F. (1758-1843), 1819

Aspinwall, Thomas, 1819-1846

Aspinwall, Thomas, 1826

Aspinwall, Thomas, 1838

Aspinwall, Thomas, 1844

Aspinwall, Thomas, 1846

Aspinwall, Thomas, 1819

Aspinwall, Thomas, 1820